Next time you purchase white button mushrooms at the grocery store, just remember, they may be cute and bite-size but they have a relative out west that occupies some 2,384 acres (965 hectares) of soil in Oregon's Blue Mountains. Put another way, this humongous fungus would encompass 1,665 football fields, or nearly four square miles (10 square kilometers) of turf.

    逛超市时，你看到的白色蘑菇大多小巧玲珑，但在美国俄勒冈州的蓝岭上，蘑菇的一个“近亲”的体积却超乎想象：占地965公顷，相当于1665个标准足球场！

    The discovery of this giant Armillaria ostoyae in 1998 heralded a new record holder for the title of the world's largest known organism, believed by most to be the 110-foot- (33.5-meter-) long, 200-ton blue whale. Based on its current growth rate, the fungus is estimated to be 2,400 years old but could be as ancient as 8,650 years, which would earn it a place among the oldest living organisms as well.

    这个学名为奥氏蜜环菌（Armillaria ostoyae）的巨型真菌是在1998年被发现的，它的出现刷新了世界最大生物的纪录，而在此前，人们公认世界最大的生物是33.5米长、200吨重的蓝鲸。按照生长速率估计，这个巨型蘑菇是年龄应该为2400岁，但科学家猜测，它的实际年龄可能有8650岁——地球上年龄最大的生物之一。

    A team of forestry scientists discovered the giant after setting out to map the population of this pathogenic fungus in eastern Oregon. The team paired fungal samples in petri dishes to see if they fused (see photo below), a sign that they were from the same genetic individual, and used DNA fingerprinting to determine where one individual fungus ended.

    一个由森林学家组成的团队在俄勒冈州东部统计致病真菌的数量时，意外发现了这个体积超大的“蘑菇”。他们采集了一些样品，与实验室培养的真菌比对，看它是否由多个相同的个体组成，并用DNA指纹技术分析它的遗传性质，确定组成它的每个成员的大小。

    This one, A. ostoyae, causes Armillaria root disease, which kills swaths of conifers in many parts of the U.S. and Canada. The fungus primarily grows along tree roots via hyphae, fine filaments that mat together and excrete digestive enzymes. But Armillaria has the unique ability to extend rhizomorphs, flat shoestringlike structures, that bridge gaps between food sources and expand the fungus's sweeping perimeter ever more.

    奥氏蜜环菌是造成桑根朽病(armillaria root disease)的直接原因，美国个加拿大的很多松树就是生了这种病，慢慢枯朽而死。一般说来，真菌会沿着树根生长，伸出菌丝并分泌很多消化酶。但奥氏蜜环菌有独特的生长方式：延伸菌根，连接食物源与菌体，然后迅速向外生长。

    A combination of good genes and a stable environment has allowed this particularly ginormous fungus to continue its creeping existence over the past millennia. "These are very strange organisms to our anthropocentric way of thinking," says biochemist Myron Smith of Carleton University in Ottawa, Ontario. An Armillaria individual consists of a network of hyphae, he explains. "Collectively, this network is called the mycelium and is of an indefinite shape and size."

    优势基因的结合，再加上稳定的环境，使得这种巨型真菌可以在几千里保持活力。加拿大生化学家梅龙 史密斯（Myron Smith ）说：“奥氏蜜环菌确实是一种奇怪的真菌，总的来说，凭借强大的菌丝网络，它可以长得无限大。”

    All fungi in the Armillaria genus are known as honey mushrooms, for the yellow-capped and sweet fruiting bodies they produce. Some varieties share this penchant for monstrosity but are more benign in nature. In fact the very first massive fungus discovered in 1992—a 37-acre (15-hectare) Armillaria bulbosa, which was later renamed Armillaria gallica—is annually celebrated at a "fungus fest" in the nearby town of Crystal Falls, Mich.

    蜜环菌得名的原因是，它们具有黄色的圆盖和带有甜味的菌体。实际上，科学家首次发现巨型真菌实在1992年——一种学名为Armillaria bulbosa的真菌占地15公顷。

    Myron Smith was a PhD candidate in botany at the University of Toronto when he and colleagues discovered this exclusive fungus in the hardwood forests near Crystal Falls. "This was kind of a side project," Smith recalls. "We were looking at the boundaries of [fungal] individuals using genetic tests and the first year we didn't find the edge."

    梅龙 史密斯曾在多伦多大学攻读博士学位，他和同事是在一个阔叶林里发现15公顷大的真菌的。史密斯回忆：“我们当初并不是为了发现什么奇异的东西，只是为了观察不同的真菌，然后用分子生物学的方法鉴别不同种类的真菌。”

    Next, the microbiologists developed a new way to tell an individual apart from a group of closely related siblings using a battery of molecular genetic techniques. The major test compared fungal genes for telltale signs of inbreeding, where heterozygous strips of DNA become homozygous. That's when they realized they had struck it big. The individual Armillaria bulbosa they found weighed over 100 tons (90.7 metric tons) and was roughly 1,500 years old. "People had ideas that maybe they were big but nobody had any idea they were that big," says Tom Volk, a biology professor at the University of Wisconsin–La Crosse. "Well it's certainly the biggest publicity that mycology is going to get—maybe ever."

    后来，史密斯利用最新出现的生物技术，比对了多个真菌的基因后，他发现，阔叶林中的Armillaria bulbosa真菌竟有1500多岁，重量至少不下100吨！美国威斯康星大学的生物学家拉 克罗斯（La Crosse）说：“人们知道这些真菌很大，却不知道它们为什么能长这么大。在真菌学史上，rmillaria bulbosa绝对是最大的一种真菌，而且可能会永远保持世界最大生物的纪录。”

    Soon afterward, the discovery of an even bigger fungus in southwestern Washington was announced by Terry Shaw, then in Colorado with the U.S. Forest Service (USFS), and Ken Russell, a forest pathologist at Washington State Department of Natural Resources, in 1992. Their fungus, a specimen of Armillaria ostoyae, covered about 1,500 acres (600 hectares) or 2.5 square miles (6.5 square kilometers). And in 2003 Catherine Parks of the USFS in Oregon and her colleagues published their discovery of the current behemoth 2,384-acre Armillaria ostoyae.

    但很快，科罗拉多大学的特里 肖（Terry Shaw）又在威斯康星的西南部发现了更大的真菌——一种奥氏蜜环菌，占地600公顷。2003年，又一位美国科学家发表报告称，他发现了2384公顷大的真菌。

    Ironically, the discovery of such huge fungi specimens rekindled the debate of what constitutes an individual organism. "It's one set of genetically identical cells that are in communication with one another that have a sort of common purpose or at least can coordinate themselves to do something," Volk explains.

    这些超级真菌的出现，让人们重新开始讨论一位问题：是什么组成了这些巨无霸？美国科学家沃尔克说：“巨型生物都由相同遗传性质的细胞组成，它们可以相互交流，共同执行一些复杂功能。”蓝鲸、超级真菌、6615吨重的欧洲颤杨都符合沃尔克对超大型生物的定义。

    Both the giant blue whale and the humongous fungus fit comfortably within this definition. So does the 6,615-ton (six-million-kilogram) colony of a male quaking aspen tree and his clones that covers 107 acres (43 hectares) of a Utah mountainside.

    从这个角度来说，我们平常吃的蘑菇也是一种大型生物：一个农场每年可以收获几十吨蘑菇，但这些长在塑料蓬中蘑菇，都具有相同遗传性质！

    In fact, humongous may be in the nature of things for a fungus. "We think that these things are not very rare," Volk says. "We think that they're in fact normal."

    沃儿克说：“实际上，对于真菌而言，体积巨大是一种很平常的事情。只是人类从未发现这一点。”